HOME WEB NEWS IMAGES CLASSIFIEDS YELLOW PAGESPOLLS - SURVEYS WIKI COUNTRIES PHOTOS US UK INDIA
Cities Stocks Weather Movies Coupons Travel Blogs Health Horoscope Maps ASIA EUROPE Classifieds Yellow Pages
 2
|
The Babylonian Empire under the Kassites
The Kassites are a Near-Eastern mountain tribe, who migrated to the Zagros Mountains and Mesopotamia (present Doroud) in 1600 and 1200 BC. Their language is classified as an isolate. They conquered Mesopotamia, bringing the Old Babylonian era to an end. According to the conventionally used Middle Chronology, Kassite hegemony in Babylon, Nippur and other centers lasted from about 1595 to 1155 BC.
Contents |
The original homeland of the Kassites is obscure, but appears to have been located in the Zagros Mountains in Lorestanin Iran.http://education.yahoo.com/reference/encyclopedia/entry/Lorestanhttp://www.iranologie.com/history/history1.html Their first historical appearance occurred in the 18th century BC when they attacked Babylonia in the 9th year of the reign of Samsu-Iluna (reigned 1749 BC - 1712 BC), the son of Hammurabi. Samsu-Iluna repelled them, but they subsequently gained control of northern Babylonia sometime after the fall of Babylon to the Hittites in 1595 BC, and conquered the southern part of the kingdom by about 1475 BC. The Hittites had carried off the idol of Marduk, but the Kassite rulers regained possession, returned Marduk to Babylon, and made him the equal of the Kassite Shuqamuna. The circumstances of their rise to power are unknown, due to a lack of documentation from this so-called "Dark Age" period of widespread dislocation. No inscription or document in the Kassite language has been preserved, an absence that cannot be purely accidental, suggesting a severe retraction of literacy in official circles. Babylon under Kassite rulers, who renamed the city Karanduniash, re-emerged as a political and military power in the Ancient Near East. A newly built capital city Dur-Kurigalzu was named to honour Kurigalzu I (ca. 1400 — ca. 1375). His successors Kadashman-Enlil I (c. 1375-c. 1360) and Burnaburiash II (c. 1360-c. 1333) were in correspondence with the Egyptian rulers Amenhotep III and Akhenaton (Amenhotep IV) (see Amarna letters).
| Ancient Mesopotamia |
|---|
|
| Euphrates • Tigris |
| Cities / Empires |
| Sumer: Eridu • Kish • Uruk • Ur • Lagash • Nippur • Girsu |
| Elam: Susa |
| Akkadian Empire: Akkad • Mari |
| Amorites: Isin • Larsa |
| Babylonia: Babylon • Chaldea |
| Hittites • Kassites • Hurrians/Mitanni |
| Assyria: Assur • Nimrud • Dur-Sharrukin • Nineveh |
| Chronology |
| History of Mesopotamia |
| History of Sumer • Kings of Sumer |
| Kings of Assyria |
| Kings of Babylon |
| Mythology |
| Enûma Elish • Gilgamesh |
| Assyro-Babylonian religion |
| Language |
| Sumerian • Elamite |
| Akkadian • Aramaic |
| Hurrian • Hittite |
Their success was built upon the relative political stability that the Kassite monarchs achieved. They ruled Babylonia practically without interruption for over four hundred years— the longest rule by any dynasty in Babylonian history. Even after a minor revolt in 1333 BC and a seven-year Assyrian hiatus in the 13th century BC, the ruling Kassite family managed to regain the throne.
The transformation of southern Mesopotamia into a territorial state, rather than a network of allied or combatative temple-cities, made Babylonia an international power. Kassite kings established trade and diplomacy with Assyria, Egypt, Elam, and the Hittites, and the Kassite royal house intermarried with their royal families. There were foreign merchants in Babylon and other cities, and Babylonian merchants were active from Egypt (a major source of Nubian gold) to Assyria and Anatolia. Kassite weights and seals, the packet-identifying and measuring tools of commerce, have been found in Thebes in Greece, in southern Armenia, and even in a shipwreck off the southern coast of Turkey.
The Kassite kings maintained control of their realm through a network of provinces administered by governors. Almost equal with the royal cities of Babylon and Dur-Kurigalzu, the revived city of Nippur was the most important provincial center. Nippur, the formerly great city, which had been virtually abandoned about 1730 BC, was rebuilt in the Kassite period, with temples meticulously re-sited on their old foundations. In fact, under the Kassite government, the governor of Nippur, who took the Sumerian-derived title of Guennakku, ruled as a sort of secondary and lesser king.
Other important centers during the Kassite period were Larsa, Sippar and Susa. Even after the Kassite dynasty was overthrown in 1155 BC, the system of provincial administration continued and the country remained united under the succeeding rule, the Second Dynasty of Isin. Comparisons of Kassite Babylonia with feudalism are now considered more misleading than useful, but the prestige of Nippur was enough for a series of 13th century Kassite kings to reassume the title \'governor of Nippur\' for themselves.
Documentation of the Kassite period depends heavily on the scattered and disarticulated tablets from Nippur, where thousands of tablets and fragments have been excavated. They include administrative and legal texts, letters, seal inscriptions, kudurrus (comparable to land grants and administrative prerogatives), private votive inscriptions, and even a literary text (usually identified as a fragment of a historical epic).
Kassite rulers in Babylon were also scrupulous to follow existing forms of expression, and the public and private patterns of behavior "and even went beyond that — as zealous neophytes do, or outsiders, who take up a superior civilization — by favoring an extremely conservative attitude, at least in palace circles." (Oppenheim 1964, p. 62). In the course of centuries, however, the Kassites were absorbed into the Babylonian population. Eight among the last kings of the Kassite dynasty have Akkadian names. Kudur-Enlil\'s name is part Elamite and part Sumerian. Kassite princesses married into the royal family of Assyria.
The Elamites conquered Babylonia in the 12th century BC, thus ending four hundred years of Kassite rule. The last Kassite king, Anllil-nadin-akhe, was taken to Susa and imprisoned there, where he also died.
Artifacts obtained from this region display the taste, arts and civilization of this mountain-dwelling tribe.
Kassite like other groups of Asianiques, had provided for themselves by hunting and fishing. They gradually directed their way towards farming and herding They were familiar with pottery, slings, maces and javelins. They used sharpened stones for ploughing and had knives made of flint. Metal had not been discovered at that time. http://www.salamiran.org/IranInfo/Culture/Arts/history/index.html The art of using metal started from the Kassites era in Zagros region.http://www.salamiran.org/CT/Culture/Arts/metalwork/index.html
In spite of the fact that some of them took Babylonian names, the Kassites retained their traditional clan and tribal structure, in contrast to the smaller family unit of the Babylonians. They were proud of their affiliation with their tribal houses, rather than their own fathers and preserved their customs of fratriarchal property ownership and inheritance.J. Boardman et al (eds) Cambridge Ancient History Vol III Pt 1 (2nd Ed) 1982
Later on, arts of Kassites were imitated by other tribes, living on Iranian plateau. Attractive bronze objects, discovered in their tombs, show that they used to inter the weapons of the deceased together with their owners.
The contributions that Kassites brought to native Babylonian culture are still being debated, partly through identifying the few hundred later Akkadian words of Kassite origin; about ten percent of them are names of gods.
The Kassite tribe of Khabira seems to have settled in the Babylonian plain. Remnants of Kassite tribes were living in the mountains northwest of Elam, immediately south of Holwan, when Sennacherib attacked them in 702 BC. They are doubtless the "Kossaeans" of Ptolemy, who divides Susiana between them and the Elymaeans. Alexander the Great battled Kossaeans in the winter of 323 BC on his way from Ecbatana to Babylon; according to Strabo (xi. 13,3,6) the Kossaeans were the neighbours of the Medes. Theodor Nöldeke (Gott. G. G., 1874, pp. 173 seq.) has shown that they are the Kissians of the older Greek authors who are identified with the Susians by Aeschylus (Choephorae 424, Persians 17, 120) and by Herodotus (v. 49, 52).
According to Encyclopedia IranicaKassites in Encyclopedia Iranica by Ran Zadok:
| “ | There is not a single connected text in the Kassite language. The number of Kassite appellatives is restricted (slightly more than 60 vocables, mostly referring to colors, parts of the chariot, irrigation terms, plants, and titles). About 200 additional lexical elements can be gained by the analysis of the more numerous anthroponyms, toponyms, theonyms, and horse names used by the Kassites (see Balkan, 1954, passim; Jaritz, 1957 is to be used with caution). As is clear from this material, the Kassites spoke a language without a genetic relationship to any other known tongue | ” |
This article is licensed under the GNU Free Documentation License. It uses material from Wikipedia
